On the twenty-second of October, an architectural astronomical phenomenon occurred that astonished and still astonished the world every year, except that the sun crosses this morning on the face of King Ramses II, a phenomenon that still raises questions, what is it and when was it discovered ?!
This phenomenon was discovered in 1874 AD
As the explorer "Amelia Edwards and her accompanying team monitored this phenomenon and recorded it in her book published in 1899 AD (A Thousand Miles Over the Nile), in which he stated:
"The statues of the Holy of Holies become of great influence and are surrounded by a beautiful aura of dignity and dignity when the sun rises and its rays fall on them."
And she went on to say:
"If any observer does not observe the fall of these rays of the sun, he becomes suspicious of their powerful effect, which was accurately calculated according to the astronomy and arithmetic of the ancient Egyptians, as it was calculated with extreme accuracy and directed towards a certain angle so that these rays could fall on the faces of the four statues."
The sun was the first deity of the ancient Egyptians, and the sun disk "Ra" was the largest of their deities. They set up temples for him and associated his name with their names and took the city of Ain Shams as a center for his worship, and the purpose of carving the Abu Simbel temple in a rocky mountain in a remote place sacred to them was Worship the sun at sunrise. Therefore, since the era before the pyramids were built, the ancient Egyptians were interested in tracking the movement of the sun between the stars and monitoring it accurately and regularly.
Among the evidences for the accuracy of their observations and preceded others in monitoring and studying the movements of the celestial bodies is a profound study based on accurate regular observations and knowledge of the fundamentals of mathematics:
They used a tight astronomical calendar from the earliest times in which they took the star year as a basic unit in measuring time, and measured its lengths 365.25 days with the phenomenon of the sunrise burning of the Yemeni poetry, and that was happening at the time of the Nile flood, and their inscriptions indicate that they knew this before building the pyramids, and invented the civil year and divided it into two Ten months each of thirty days, to which five are added at the end of the year, in which their festivals are held. As for their Roman, Greek and Assyrian contemporaries, they were floundering in attempts to connect the early lunar months with the early civil months. This indicates that they meant the study of the apparent movement of the sun in the midst of the fixed stars since the earliest ages of history, and deduced from this the length of the stellar year. This is not what calls for strangeness, for the sun was their most important deity.
The sun perpendicularly to the face of Ramses II twice a year, on the twenty-second of October and the twenty-second of February, came as a result of the ancient Egyptians choosing a point in the path of the sunrise away from two points of its path at a time of four months to coincide with the days of October 22 and February 22 of each Then they built the temple so that the direction of the path through which the sun enters on the face of Ramses II is from the east from a narrow opening. And that the ancient Egyptians made this hole so narrow that if the sun's rays entered one day and fell on the face of the statue, on the next day it would deviate a small deviation of a quarter of a degree, so that the rays fell on the next day on the wall of the hole and did not fall on the face of the statue.
It is a unique phenomenon of its kind that recurs twice a year, and the phenomenon of perpendicularity to the sun at the Abu Simbel temple is one of the most important features that distinguish the temple from other Egyptian temples.
The entry of the sun’s rays in the early morning to a place inside it called “the Holy of Holies” and reaching the four statues, illuminating this place deep in the rock, which is about sixty meters away from the entrance.
And every year, the sun’s rays infiltrate to descend on King Ramses’s face a flood of Nur, filling the features of this king’s face inside his room in the Holy of Holies at the heart of the temple, then the sun’s rays multiply rapidly, forming a beam of light that illuminates the faces of the four statues inside the Holy of Holies.
It is noteworthy that the occurrence of the sun crossed over the statue of Ramses was occurring on October 21 and February 21 before 1964, except that after the transfer of the Temple of Abu Simbel after it was dismembered to save it from drowning under the waters of the High Dam Lake in the early 1960s from its ancient site that was carved inside the mountain to its current location, This phenomenon became repeated on October 22 and February 22, due to the change in latitude and longitude after moving the temple 120 meters west and at a height of 60 meters, as the sun enters from the facade of the temple to travel a distance of 200 meters to reach the Holy of Holies to illuminate three of the four statues inside, and they are statues:
Ra Hor, sister of the sun god
The statue of Ramses II is on par with the statue of Amun, the god of Thebes
The fourth statue of the god Ptah, the god of Memphis and the patron of art and artists, and the god of the underworld, so the rays of the sun do not reach him, because he must remain in complete darkness like his condition in the lower world - then the sun’s rays cut another 60 meters to perpendicular to the statue of King Ramses II and the statue of Amun Ra, the god of good, the maker A frame around the two statues is 355 cm long and 185 cm wide.
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